The public health initiative for newborn screening detects genetic, metabolic, and congenital abnormalities in newborns immediately after birth. Newborn screening detects these disorders early, often before symptoms develop, so appropriate actions and treatments can be started to avoid or reduce health issues.

A tiny blood sample from the baby's heel is taken within 24 to 48 hours of birth for newborn screening. A laboratory analysis is performed on this blood sample. The lab looks for markers or compounds in the blood sample that may suggest problems. Phenylketonuria (PKU), congenital hypothyroidism, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, and metabolic abnormalities are common illnesses examined for, however, they differ by nation.

If screening tests suggest a concern, more testing may be required. Early discovery through newborn screening allows healthcare personnel to intervene quickly, improving baby outcomes. Dietary changes, medication, and other medical measures may help control and avoid problems.

In many countries, newborn screening is routinely offered as part of postnatal care and is vital to public health efforts to protect babies. Parents are informed about the screening process and usually consent before it.